Ideal: Roman Reunification.

Why would Germans want that?

Ag + Urbanization + Specialization = Long Distance Trade & Innovation
Regional States

Holy Roman Empire
Otto Of Saxony crowned Emperor by Pope John XII (962)
HRE: Internally divided + externally weak
Kings v. Prince “ipalities”

Investiture Contest
Kings appointing Bishops : laymen (non clergy) appointing clergy
(lay investiture)
Stand Off at Canossa
King Henry IV v Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085)
Strengthens Secular & Ecclesiastical interdependency

Frederick Barbarossa 1152-1190 pushed out of Lombardy by Pope

Capetien Dynasty

France: Hugh Capet (987)
appointed King because of his subordinate position under appointees
Slowly centralized France over the centuries (Joan of Arc?)

England: William the Conqueror (1066)
Brought Norman centralizing authority over Angles and Saxons

Italy: Ecclesiastical and Commercial city States

Iberian Peninsula: Castile, Aragon, Portugal v Moors
Economic & Social

Economy outpaced Political

Ag
Drained swamps, cleared forests, new crops
Horse shoes, horse collars
Population from 30 – 80 million
Labor specialization = urbanization “city air makes you free”
Venice, Genoa, Pisa, Naples
Baltic Hanseatic league

Business techniques
Credit and Partnerships

Social Strication
Estates General
1st Clergy those who pray
2nd Nobles those who fight (Chivalry)
3rd Commoners those who work

Guilds
Control prices, quality assurance, women’s inclusion
Christianity
Church inspired literature
Economy = cathedral schools
Latin, liberal arts,
Cambridge, Oxford, Paris, Rome, Seville

Aristotle
St. Thomas Aquainas
Reconcile Christian beliefs
Bringing logic to Christianity
Common People
Saints & Sacraments: Virgin Mary
Dominicans of St. Dominic v materialism
Franciscans of St. Francis v materialism
Medieval Expansion

Scandinavia
Converts to Christianity
Vikings reach Greenland and New Foundland

Balkan Influence Knights Templar
Knights Hospitallers
Teutonic Knights

Iberian Peninsula Reconquista

Crusades
Pope Urban II Council of Clermont 1095
1st recaptures Jerusalem 1099
Saladin recaptures 1187
3rd Richard the Lionheart
4th Sack Constantinople

Politically and religiously failed
Economically and commercially succeeded

Chapter 21 Class Notes
Travelers
Marco Polo 1253 -1324
Ibn Battuta 1326-1346

Trade-Diplomacy -Missionary Imulse
Technology Exchange

Trade Cities
Khanbaliq, Hongzhou, Quangzo, Melaka
Cambay, Samarkand, Constantinople
Hormuz, Bagdhad, Venice

Characteristic: Strategic Location
Maintain Order
Resist Heavy Taxation

Exchange
Magnetic Compas, Cotton to Africa Sugarcane
Gunpowder (Golden Horde-Russia)
Beubonic Plague, economic contraction

Ming Dynasty
Hongwu: increase Confucian civil service
Mandarins as scholar officials
Eunichs as Imperial Court
Rebuild irrigation system
Re-invigorate manufacturing

Yongle: resinicization
Yongle encyclopedia
Cultural Traditions

Europe
Increase trade = increase taxation
=standing armies
Italian City States strengthen
Hundred Years war
Creates identity for France & England

Direct taxation =Monarchies

Spain
Isabella & Ferdinand
Reconquista
Support exploration

Explorers
China: Zheng He treasure ships

Portugeuses: Henry The Navigator
Navigation school of ship captains, builders, silors and cartographers
Dias: 1488
Columbus 1492
Da Gama 1497

Renaissance
Sculpture – Painter- Architect

Humanism
Emotion in paintings
More realistic paintings and musculature sculptures
Revisit Cicero – private Chritian and yet Public service

Reconciles Christianity
Urban and Commercial centers require this modification to Christianity
Allows the development of private property – profit gaining – business ventures by low or middle class
Profits don’t necessarily go to Feudal King or Monarc

Chapter 6.. Achaemenid Empire.. Darius.. the PERSIAN WARS.. what more can you ask for?

The first few chapters in our book..it's the foundations, and we never really went over this.

The first few chapters in our book..it's the foundations, and we never really went over this.